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Species Protection/Management*
This category contains all interventions involved in directly managing species. The difference between land/water management and species management is defined as follows: If the action targets 2 or fewer specific species, it’s categorized as species protection/management; if it targets 3 or more species, it’s land/water protection/management. For example; fish ladders aimed at one salmon species fit in species recovery; fish ladders aimed at several different species fit in natural process restoration. There are four subcategories of species protection/management:
1. Species Management
This subcategory refers to managing specific plant and animal populations of concern. Examples of specific species and interventions are harvest management of wild mushrooms, culling buffalo to keep the population size within park carrying capacity, and controlling fishing effort.
2. Species Recovery
This subcategory refers to manipulating, enhancing or restoring specific plant and animal populations, and to vaccination programs. Examples of specific species and interventions are manual pollination of trees, artificial nesting boxes / platforms, clutch manipulation, supplementary feeding, and disease / pathogen / parasite management.
3. Species Re-Introduction
This subcategory refers to re-introducing species to places where they formally occurred or to benign introductions. Re-introductions are to areas where the species formerly occurred following IUCN re-introduction guidelines. Benign introductions are introductions to areas outside of the species' historic range, but within an appropriate habitat and done deliberately for conservation reasons. An example of this is the re-introduction of wolves.
4. Ex-Situ Conservation
This subcategory refers to protecting biodiversity out of its native habitats. This is one of the key strategies practiced by zoos and aquaria interested in conservation. Examples of specific species and interventions are captive breeding of gorillas, artificial propagation of orchids, and gene banking.
* Source: Adaptation of IUCN-CMP. 2006. Unified Classification of Conservation Actions, V. 1.0, p.8
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