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Livelihood, Economic and Other Incentives*
This category refers to interventions that use economic and other incentives to influence behavior. This type of intervention has been gaining in popularity in the past few years. There are five subcategories:
1. Linked Enterprises and Livelihood Alternatives
This subcategory includes developing enterprises that directly depend on the maintenance of natural resources or provide substitute livelihoods as a means of changing behaviors and attitudes. Livelihood alternatives are established to move people from destructive actions to non-destructive ones -- for example, a community homestay that keeps the operator from working as a logger. Examples include ecotourism, non-timber forest product harvesting, and harvesting wild salmon to create value for wild population.
2. Substitution
This subcategory involves developing products and services explicitly to remove pressure from biodiversity. It includes promoting alternative products and services that substitute for environmentally damaging ones. Examples of this type of intervention are Viagra for rhino horn, farmed salmon as a replacement for pressure on wild populations, and promoting recycling and use of recycled materials.
3. Market Forces
This subcategory deals with incentive-based standards, using market mechanisms to change behaviors and attitudes. It includes both positive and negative incentives for conservation. Examples of this type of intervention are certification, positive incentives, boycotts, negative incentives, grass & forest banking, and valuation of ecosystem services such as flood control.
4. Conservation Payments
This category involves a direct payment for conservation behaviors, using direct or indirect payments to change behaviors and attitudes. Examples include quid-pro-quo performance payments and resource tenure incentives.
5. Non-Monetary Values
This subcategory cuts across the others in this class, but involves those cases where the incentives are not financial. It includes using intangible values to change behaviors and attitudes. Interventions in this subcategory include spiritual, cultural and symbolic components.
* Source: Adaptation of IUCN-CMP. 2006. Unified Classification of Conservation Actions, V. 1.0, p.11
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