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Law and Policy*
This category contains a series of strategies aimed at using government powers at all levels to protect biodiversity. There is a sequence embedded in this class that involves enacting or changing the legislation, policy, or standard and then promoting compliance or enforcement of it. Some organizations do both, others only one or the other. It includes actions to develop, change, influence, and help implement formal legislation, regulations, and voluntary standards. There are four subcategories:
1. Legislation
Public legislation refers to the official legal code governing society. This subcategory includes making, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into formal government sector legislation or polices at all levels: international, national, state/provincial, local, and tribal. Examples of type of legislation and specific interventions at different levels are:
• Global: promoting conventions on biodiversity, wildlife trade laws
• National: work for or against government laws such as the US Endangered Species Act, influencing legislative appropriations
• State/Provincial: state ballot initiatives, providing data to state policy makers, developing pollution permitting systems, dam relicensing
• Local: developing zoning regulations, countryside laws, species protection laws, hunting bans
• Tribal: creating tribal laws
2. Polices and Regulations
Policies and regulations are how legislation gets implemented. This subcategory includes making, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into policies and regulations affecting the implementation of laws at all levels: international, national, state/provincial, local/community, and tribal. Examples of types of policies and the specific actions being taken are input into agency plans regulating certain species or resources, working with local governments or communities to implement zoning regulations, and promoting sustainable harvest of timber on state forest lands.
3. Private Sector
This subcategory refers to codes of practice that are adopted by an organization or industry on a voluntary basis. It includes setting, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into voluntary standards & professional codes that govern private sector practice. Examples of this type of practice include: Marine and Forest Stewardship Councils, Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) Open Standards, corporate adoption of forestry best management practices, and sustainable grazing by a rancher.
4. Compliance and Enforcement
This subcategory refers to monitoring and enforcing compliance with laws, policies and regulations, and standards and codes at all levels. Laws, policies, regulations, and standards are useless if they are not implemented and enforced. Examples of this type of intervention are water quality standard monitoring, and initiating criminal and civil litigation.
* Source: Adaptation of IUCN-CMP. 2006. Unified Classification of Conservation Actions, V. 1.0, p.10
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